Acute severe hepatitis of unknown etiology in children: A mini-review

Andri  Frediansyah; Malik  Sallam; Amanda  Yufika; Khan  Sharun; Muhammad  Iqhrammullah; Deepak  Chandran; Sukamto S.  Mamada; Dina E.  Sallam; Yousef  Khader; Yohannes K.  Lemu; Fauzi  Yusuf; James-Paul  Kretchy; Ziad  Abdeen; J. Smith  Torres-Roman; Yogesh  Acharya; Anastasia  Bondarenko; Aamer  Ikram; Kurnia F.  Jamil; Katarzyna  Kotfis; Ai  Koyanagi; Lee  Smith; Dewi  Megawati; Marius  Rademaker; Talha B.  Emran; Ziad A.  Memish; Sandro  Vento; Firzan Nainu; Harapan Harapan

doi:10.52225/narra.v2i2.83

Authors

Andri Frediansyah National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4923-2948
Malik Sallam Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman Jordan; Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Amanda Yufika Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-9396
Khan Sharun Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
Muhammad Iqhrammullah Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Deepak Chandran Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, India
Sukamto S. Mamada Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7813-2164
Dina E. Sallam Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4684-229X
Yousef Khader Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid‎, ‎Jordan‎; Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7830-6857
Yohannes K. Lemu Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-5266
Fauzi Yusuf Gastroenterohepatology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5822-300X
James-Paul Kretchy Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, Accra, Ghana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1535-937X
Ziad Abdeen Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Dies, Palestine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5871-0310
J. Smith Torres-Roman Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
Yogesh Acharya Western Vascular Institute, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-5911
Anastasia Bondarenko Pediatric Infectious Disease and Pediatric Immunology Department, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2868
Aamer Ikram National Institutes of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-750X
Kurnia F. Jamil Division of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3841-1951
Katarzyna Kotfis Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
Ai Koyanagi Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
Lee Smith Centre for Health Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5340-9833
Dewi Megawati Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, US; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Indonesia
Marius Rademaker Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland Medical School, Hamilton, New Zealand https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-6748
Talha B. Emran Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh Chittagong, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-2272
Ziad A. Memish Research & Innovation CentreKing Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-0714
Sandro Vento Faculty of Medicine, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-4062
Firzan Nainu Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0989-4023
Harapan Harapan Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-8413

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52225/narra.v2i2.83

Keywords:

Acute non hepA–E hepatitis, clinical manifestations, epidemiological characteristics, outbreak, prevention

Abstract

The emergence of acute, severe non hepA–E hepatitis of unknown etiology (ASHUE) has attracted global concern owing to the very young age of the patients and its unknown etiology. Although this condition has been linked to several possible causes, including viral infection, drugs and/or toxin exposure, the exact cause remains unknown; this makes treatment recommendation very difficult. In this review, we summarize recent updates on the clinical manifestations, complemented with laboratory results, case numbers with the global distribution and other epidemiological characteristics, and the possible etiologies. We also provide the proposed actions that could be undertaken to control and prevent further spread of this hepatitis. Since many etiological and pathological aspects of the acute non hepA–E hepatitis remain unclear, further research is needed to minimize the severe impact of this disease.