Monkeypox: Immune response, vaccination and preventive efforts

Youdiil Ophinni; Andri  Frediansyah; Salin  Sirinam; Dewi  Megawati; Ana M.  Stoian; Seyi S.  Enitan; Richard Y.  Akele; Ranjit  Sah; Krit Pongpirul; Ziad  Abdeen; Sevda  Aghayeva; Aamer  Ikram; Yohannes  Kebede; Uwe  Wollina; Kannan  Subbaram; Ai  Koyanagi; Abdulwahed  Al Serouri; H. Blaise  Nguendo-Yongsi; Jeffrey  Edwards; Dina E.  Sallam; Yousef  Khader; Sandro G.  Viveiros-Rosa; Ziad A.  Memish; Mehrdad  Amir-Behghadami; Sandro Vento; Marius  Rademaker; Malik  Sallam

doi:10.52225/narra.v2i3.90

Authors

Youdiil Ophinni Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Andri Frediansyah PRTPP-National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4923-2948
Salin Sirinam Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Dewi Megawati Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universitas Warmadewa, Bali, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9230-2265
Ana M. Stoian Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, United States https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-7134
Seyi S. Enitan Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5993-7920
Richard Y. Akele Department of Biomedical Science, School of Applied Science, University Of Brighton, London, United Kingdom
Ranjit Sah Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-8714
Krit Pongpirul Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3818-9761
Ziad Abdeen Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem
Sevda Aghayeva Department of Gastroenterology, Baku Medical Plaza Hospital, Baku, Azerbaijan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8959-3647
Aamer Ikram National Institute of Heath, Islamabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-750X
Yohannes Kebede Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Uwe Wollina Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Kannan Subbaram School of Medicine, The Maldives National University, Maldives https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-0957
Ai Koyanagi Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-5004
Abdulwahed Al Serouri Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program, Sana'a, Yemen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-3467
H. Blaise Nguendo-Yongsi Department of Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4668-2372
Jeffrey Edwards Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-8998
Dina E. Sallam Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4684-229X
Yousef Khader The Center of Excellence for Applied Epidemiology, The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7830-6857
Sandro G. Viveiros-Rosa National Institute of Industrial Property, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5644-7181
Ziad A. Memish Research & Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-0714
Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Service Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Sandro Vento Faculty of Medicine, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-4062
Marius Rademaker Clinical Trial New Zealand, 218 Pembroke Street, Waikato Hospital Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-6748
Malik Sallam Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan; Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-9670

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52225/narra.v2i3.90

Keywords:

Monkeypox virus, MPXV, outbreak, zoonosis, emerging viral infectious disease

Abstract

Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is manifested by 68,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 26 deaths. Although monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease, patients can suffer from extremely painful skin lesions and complications can occur with reported mortalities. The antigenic similarity between the smallpox virus (variola virus) and monkeypox virus can be utilized to prevent monkeypox using smallpox vaccines; treatment is also based on antivirals initially designed to treat smallpox. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher the immune response to monkeypox virus and the immune evasion mechanisms. In this review we provide an up-to-date discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virus with a special focus on innate immune response, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccination against the virus.