Association between chest X-ray score and clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: A study on modified radiographic assessment of lung edema score (mRALE) in Indonesia

Abstract

Radiological examinations such as chest X-rays (CXR) play a crucial role in the early diagnosis and determining disease severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Various CXR scoring systems have been developed to quantitively assess lung abnormalities in COVID-19 patients, including CXR modified radiographic assessment of lung edema (mRALE). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between mRALE scores and clinical outcome (mortality), as well as to identify the correlation between mRALE score and the severity of hypoxia (PaO2/FiO2 ratio). A retrospective cohort study was conducted among hospitalized COVID-19 patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia, from February to April 2022. All CXR data at initial admission were scored using the mRALE scoring system, and the clinical outcomes at the end of hospitalization were recorded. Of the total 178 COVID-19 patients, 62.9% survived after completing the treatment. Patients within non-survived had significantly higher quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score (p<0.001), lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio (p=0.004), and higher blood urea nitrogen (p<0.001), serum creatinine (p<0.008) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (p=0.001) levels. There was a significant relationship between mRALE score and clinical outcome (survived vs deceased) (p=0.024; contingency coefficient of 0.184); and mRALE score of ≥2.5 served as a risk factor for mortality among COVID-19 patients (relative risk of 1.624). There was a significant negative correlation between the mRALE score and PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio based on the Spearman correlation test (r=-0.346; p<0.001). The findings highlight that the initial mRALE score may serve as an independent predictor of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients as well as proves its potential prognostic role in the management of COVID-19.